Attack Of The RAM Scrapers
The inclusion of RAM scrapers in a recent Verizon Business list of the top data breach attack vectors has prompted a bit of buzz about what exactly RAM scraping is and how much of a threat it poses.
A RAM scraper as identified in the Verizon Business Data Breach Investigation report is a piece of customized malware created to grab credit card, PIN, and other confidential information out of a system’s volatile memory. The RAM-scraping breaches in Verizon’s report occurred in point-of-sale (POS) servers.
RAM scraping is not really what’s new, but what Verizon flagged as the emergent threat trend is RAM scraping in POS devices.
Why go after the data in RAM? Because in many ways it’s easier to grab there. Current PCI compliance standards require the end-to-end encryption of sensitive payment card data when being transmitted, received, or stored. Data then is exposed at the endpoints, during processing, when the unencrypted credit card data is resident in the POS device’s RAM. That’s where the RAM scraper can cherry-pick the data being processed, capturing only those strings related to card identifiers rather than performing bulk data grabs. This minimizes the scraper’s presence and, far from incidentally, reduces the prospects of its being detected as a result of dramatically increased server traffic or other illicit activity flags.
One of the incidents Verizon Business’s RISK Team investigated was discovered as a result of a spike in credit card fraud reports from a casino: The RAM scraper itself wasn’t detected on the server. The scraper dumped the card data to a .dll — unsubtly named dumper.dll — in a Windows system subdirectory, where it waited for retrieval by the scraper’s owners, who had backdoor access.
RAM scrapers have to get to the RAM in order to access valuable data. POS RAM scrapers enter systems that are either insufficiently protected, such as those that use default credentials or get compromised by trusted partners, according to the Verizon report. And backdoor access or command/control are common features of RAM scraper attacks.
Another often-overlooked vulnerability that leaves the door open for RAM scrapers is lax memory management, notes anonymous PCI DSS blogger PCI Guru. He sees this as one consequence of the vast RAM resources available because of low memory prices.
So while the data exposure is in the RAM, the vulnerability lays somewhere in the system or the system’s administration, security experts say. And detecting a RAM scraper can be problematic: Because this malware is customized for each attack, its signatures are less likely to be recognized by antivirus software.
When a RAM scraper is in a server, that means it had to bypass antivirus and firewall defenses. “The main infection vector for RAM scrapers observed within our caseload [was] installation by the attacker after he owns the system [and] effectively bypasses AV. RAM scrapers are also using innocuous file extensions, and attaching themselves to legitimate processes and services,” according to a Verizon security blog.